Python Rules

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Rules

py_binary

View rule source 
py_binary(name, deps, srcs, data, args, compatible_with, deprecation, distribs, env, exec_compatible_with, exec_properties, features, imports, legacy_create_init, licenses, main, output_licenses, python_version, restricted_to, srcs_version, stamp, tags, target_compatible_with, testonly, toolchains, visibility)

A py_binary is an executable Python program consisting of a collection of .py source files (possibly belonging to other py_library rules), a *.runfiles directory tree containing all the code and data needed by the program at run-time, and a stub script that starts up the program with the correct initial environment and data.

Examples

py_binary(
    name = "foo",
    srcs = ["foo.py"],
    data = [":transform"],  # a cc_binary which we invoke at run time
    deps = [
        ":foolib",  # a py_library
    ],
)

If you want to run a py_binary from within another binary or test (for example, running a python binary to set up some mock resource from within a java_test) then the correct approach is to make the other binary or test depend on the py_binary in its data section. The other binary can then locate the py_binary relative to the source directory. 

py_binary(
    name = "test_main",
    srcs = ["test_main.py"],
    deps = [":testing"],
)

java_library(
    name = "testing",
    srcs = glob(["*.java"]),
    data = [":test_main"]
)

Arguments

Attributes
name

Name; required

A unique name for this target.


If main is unspecified, this should be the same as the name of the source file that is the main entry point of the application, minus the extension. For example, if your entry point is called main.py, then your name should be main.
deps

List of labels; default is []

The list of other libraries to be linked in to the binary target. See general comments about deps at Typical attributes defined by most build rules. These are generally py_library rules.
srcs

List of labels; required

The list of source (.py) files that are processed to create the target. This includes all your checked-in code and any generated source files. Library targets belong in deps instead, while other binary files needed at runtime belong in data.
imports

List of strings; default is []

List of import directories to be added to the PYTHONPATH.

Subject to "Make variable" substitution. These import directories will be added for this rule and all rules that depend on it (note: not the rules this rule depends on. Each directory will be added to PYTHONPATH by py_binary rules that depend on this rule.

Absolute paths (paths that start with /) and paths that references a path above the execution root are not allowed and will result in an error.

legacy_create_init

Integer; default is -1

Whether to implicitly create empty __init__.py files in the runfiles tree. These are created in every directory containing Python source code or shared libraries, and every parent directory of those directories, excluding the repo root directory. The default, auto, means true unless --incompatible_default_to_explicit_init_py is used. If false, the user is responsible for creating (possibly empty) __init__.py files and adding them to the srcs of Python targets as required.
main

Label; default is None

The name of the source file that is the main entry point of the application. This file must also be listed in srcs. If left unspecified, name is used instead (see above). If name does not match any filename in srcs, main must be specified.
python_version

String; nonconfigurable; default is "_INTERNAL_SENTINEL"

Whether to build this target (and its transitive deps) for Python 2 or Python 3. Valid values are "PY2" and "PY3" (the default).

The Python version is always reset (possibly by default) to whatever version is specified by this attribute, regardless of the version specified on the command line or by other higher targets that depend on this one.

If you want to select() on the current Python version, you can inspect the value of @rules_python//python:python_version. See here for more information.

Bug warning: This attribute sets the version for which Bazel builds your target, but due to #4815, the resulting stub script may still invoke the wrong interpreter version at runtime. See this workaround, which involves defining a py_runtime target that points to either Python version as needed, and activating this py_runtime by setting --python_top.

srcs_version

String; default is "PY2AND3"

This attribute declares the target's srcs to be compatible with either Python 2, Python 3, or both. To actually set the Python runtime version, use the python_version attribute of an executable Python rule (py_binary or py_test).

Allowed values are: "PY2AND3", "PY2", and "PY3". The values "PY2ONLY" and "PY3ONLY" are also allowed for historic reasons, but they are essentially the same as "PY2" and "PY3" and should be avoided.

Note that only the executable rules (py_binary and py_library ) actually verify the current Python version against the value of this attribute. (This is a feature; since py_library does not change the current Python version, if it did the validation, it'd be impossible to build both PY2ONLY and PY3ONLY libraries in the same invocation.) Furthermore, if there is a version mismatch, the error is only reported in the execution phase. In particular, the error will not appear in a bazel build --nobuild invocation.)

To get diagnostic information about which dependencies introduce version requirements, you can run the find_requirements aspect on your target: 

          bazel build <your target> \
              --aspects=@rules_python//python:defs.bzl%find_requirements \
              --output_groups=pyversioninfo
This will build a file with the suffix -pyversioninfo.txt giving information about why your target requires one Python version or another. Note that it works even if the given target failed to build due to a version conflict.
stamp

Integer; default is -1

Whether to encode build information into the binary. Possible values:
  • stamp = 1: Always stamp the build information into the binary, even in --nostamp builds. This setting should be avoided, since it potentially kills remote caching for the binary and any downstream actions that depend on it.
  • stamp = 0: Always replace build information by constant values. This gives good build result caching.
  • stamp = -1: Embedding of build information is controlled by the --[no]stamp flag.

Stamped binaries are not rebuilt unless their dependencies change.

py_library

View rule source 
py_library(name, deps, srcs, data, compatible_with, deprecation, distribs, exec_compatible_with, exec_properties, features, imports, licenses, restricted_to, srcs_version, tags, target_compatible_with, testonly, visibility)

Arguments

Attributes
name

Name; required

A unique name for this target.
deps

List of labels; default is []

The list of other libraries to be linked in to the binary target. See general comments about deps at Typical attributes defined by most build rules. These are generally py_library rules.
srcs

List of labels; default is []

The list of source (.py) files that are processed to create the target. This includes all your checked-in code and any generated source files.
imports

List of strings; default is []

List of import directories to be added to the PYTHONPATH.

Subject to "Make variable" substitution. These import directories will be added for this rule and all rules that depend on it (note: not the rules this rule depends on. Each directory will be added to PYTHONPATH by py_binary rules that depend on this rule.

Absolute paths (paths that start with /) and paths that references a path above the execution root are not allowed and will result in an error.

srcs_version

String; default is "PY2AND3"

This attribute declares the target's srcs to be compatible with either Python 2, Python 3, or both. To actually set the Python runtime version, use the python_version attribute of an executable Python rule (py_binary or py_test).

Allowed values are: "PY2AND3", "PY2", and "PY3". The values "PY2ONLY" and "PY3ONLY" are also allowed for historic reasons, but they are essentially the same as "PY2" and "PY3" and should be avoided.

Note that only the executable rules (py_binary and py_library ) actually verify the current Python version against the value of this attribute. (This is a feature; since py_library does not change the current Python version, if it did the validation, it'd be impossible to build both PY2ONLY and PY3ONLY libraries in the same invocation.) Furthermore, if there is a version mismatch, the error is only reported in the execution phase. In particular, the error will not appear in a bazel build --nobuild invocation.)

To get diagnostic information about which dependencies introduce version requirements, you can run the find_requirements aspect on your target: 

          bazel build <your target> \
              --aspects=@rules_python//python:defs.bzl%find_requirements \
              --output_groups=pyversioninfo
This will build a file with the suffix -pyversioninfo.txt giving information about why your target requires one Python version or another. Note that it works even if the given target failed to build due to a version conflict.

py_test

View rule source 
py_test(name, deps, srcs, data, args, compatible_with, deprecation, distribs, env, env_inherit, exec_compatible_with, exec_properties, features, flaky, imports, legacy_create_init, licenses, local, main, python_version, restricted_to, shard_count, size, srcs_version, stamp, tags, target_compatible_with, testonly, timeout, toolchains, visibility)

A py_test() rule compiles a test. A test is a binary wrapper around some test code.

Examples

py_test(
    name = "runtest_test",
    srcs = ["runtest_test.py"],
    deps = [
        "//path/to/a/py/library",
    ],
)

It's also possible to specify a main module:

py_test(
    name = "runtest_test",
    srcs = [
        "runtest_main.py",
        "runtest_lib.py",
    ],
    main = "runtest_main.py",
)

Arguments

Attributes
name

Name; required

A unique name for this target.
deps

List of labels; default is []

The list of other libraries to be linked in to the binary target. See general comments about deps at Typical attributes defined by most build rules. These are generally py_library rules.
srcs

List of labels; required

The list of source (.py) files that are processed to create the target. This includes all your checked-in code and any generated source files. Library targets belong in deps instead, while other binary files needed at runtime belong in data.
imports

List of strings; default is []

List of import directories to be added to the PYTHONPATH.

Subject to "Make variable" substitution. These import directories will be added for this rule and all rules that depend on it (note: not the rules this rule depends on. Each directory will be added to PYTHONPATH by py_binary rules that depend on this rule.

Absolute paths (paths that start with /) and paths that references a path above the execution root are not allowed and will result in an error.

legacy_create_init

Integer; default is -1

Whether to implicitly create empty __init__.py files in the runfiles tree. These are created in every directory containing Python source code or shared libraries, and every parent directory of those directories, excluding the repo root directory. The default, auto, means true unless --incompatible_default_to_explicit_init_py is used. If false, the user is responsible for creating (possibly empty) __init__.py files and adding them to the srcs of Python targets as required.
main

Label; default is None

The name of the source file that is the main entry point of the application. This file must also be listed in srcs. If left unspecified, name is used instead (see above). If name does not match any filename in srcs, main must be specified.
python_version

String; nonconfigurable; default is "_INTERNAL_SENTINEL"

Whether to build this target (and its transitive deps) for Python 2 or Python 3. Valid values are "PY2" and "PY3" (the default).

The Python version is always reset (possibly by default) to whatever version is specified by this attribute, regardless of the version specified on the command line or by other higher targets that depend on this one.

If you want to select() on the current Python version, you can inspect the value of @rules_python//python:python_version. See here for more information.

Bug warning: This attribute sets the version for which Bazel builds your target, but due to #4815, the resulting stub script may still invoke the wrong interpreter version at runtime. See this workaround, which involves defining a py_runtime target that points to either Python version as needed, and activating this py_runtime by setting --python_top.

srcs_version

String; default is "PY2AND3"

This attribute declares the target's srcs to be compatible with either Python 2, Python 3, or both. To actually set the Python runtime version, use the python_version attribute of an executable Python rule (py_binary or py_test).

Allowed values are: "PY2AND3", "PY2", and "PY3". The values "PY2ONLY" and "PY3ONLY" are also allowed for historic reasons, but they are essentially the same as "PY2" and "PY3" and should be avoided.

Note that only the executable rules (py_binary and py_library ) actually verify the current Python version against the value of this attribute. (This is a feature; since py_library does not change the current Python version, if it did the validation, it'd be impossible to build both PY2ONLY and PY3ONLY libraries in the same invocation.) Furthermore, if there is a version mismatch, the error is only reported in the execution phase. In particular, the error will not appear in a bazel build --nobuild invocation.)

To get diagnostic information about which dependencies introduce version requirements, you can run the find_requirements aspect on your target: 

          bazel build <your target> \
              --aspects=@rules_python//python:defs.bzl%find_requirements \
              --output_groups=pyversioninfo
This will build a file with the suffix -pyversioninfo.txt giving information about why your target requires one Python version or another. Note that it works even if the given target failed to build due to a version conflict.
stamp

Integer; default is 0

See the section on py_binary() arguments, except that the stamp argument is set to 0 by default for tests.

py_runtime

View rule source 
py_runtime(name, bootstrap_template, compatible_with, coverage_tool, deprecation, distribs, features, files, interpreter, interpreter_path, licenses, python_version, restricted_to, stub_shebang, tags, target_compatible_with, testonly, visibility)

Represents a Python runtime used to execute Python code.

A py_runtime target can represent either a platform runtime or an in-build runtime. A platform runtime accesses a system-installed interpreter at a known path, whereas an in-build runtime points to an executable target that acts as the interpreter. In both cases, an "interpreter" means any executable binary or wrapper script that is capable of running a Python script passed on the command line, following the same conventions as the standard CPython interpreter.

A platform runtime is by its nature non-hermetic. It imposes a requirement on the target platform to have an interpreter located at a specific path. An in-build runtime may or may not be hermetic, depending on whether it points to a checked-in interpreter or a wrapper script that accesses the system interpreter.

Example:

py_runtime(
    name = "python-2.7.12",
    files = glob(["python-2.7.12/**"]),
    interpreter = "python-2.7.12/bin/python",
)

py_runtime(
    name = "python-3.6.0",
    interpreter_path = "/opt/pyenv/versions/3.6.0/bin/python",
)

Arguments

Attributes
name

Name; required

A unique name for this target.
bootstrap_template

Label; default is "@bazel_tools//tools/python:python_bootstrap_template.txt"

Previously referred to as the "Python stub script", this is the entrypoint to every Python executable target.
coverage_tool

Label; default is None

This is a target to use for collecting code coverage information from py_binary and py_test targets.

If set, the target must either produce a single file or be and executable target. The path to the single file, or the executable if the target is executable, determines the entry point for the python coverage tool. The target and its runfiles will be added to the runfiles when coverage is enabled.

The entry point for the tool must be loadable by a python interpreter (e.g. a .py or .pyc file). It must accept the command line arguments of coverage.py, at least including the run and lcov subcommands.

files

List of labels; default is []

For an in-build runtime, this is the set of files comprising this runtime. These files will be added to the runfiles of Python binaries that use this runtime. For a platform runtime this attribute must not be set.
interpreter

Label; default is None

For an in-build runtime, this is the target to invoke as the interpreter. For a platform runtime this attribute must not be set.
interpreter_path

String; default is ""

For a platform runtime, this is the absolute path of a Python interpreter on the target platform. For an in-build runtime this attribute must not be set.
python_version

String; default is "_INTERNAL_SENTINEL"

Whether this runtime is for Python major version 2 or 3. Valid values are "PY2" and "PY3".

The default value is controlled by the --incompatible_py3_is_default flag. However, in the future this attribute will be mandatory and have no default value.

stub_shebang

String; default is "#!/usr/bin/env python3"

"Shebang" expression prepended to the bootstrapping Python script used when executing py_binary targets.

See issue 8685 for motivation.

Does not apply to Windows.